民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)部組織編寫(xie)的《深入學習習近平(ping)(ping)(ping)關于民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的重(zhong)要(yao)論(lun)述》一書，不久前由人民(min)(min)(min)出(chu)版(ban)(ban)社公(gong)開(kai)出(chu)版(ban)(ban)發行(xing)。《深入學習習近平(ping)(ping)(ping)關于民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的重(zhong)要(yao)論(lun)述》分(fen)專(zhuan)題闡述了習近平(ping)(ping)(ping)總(zong)(zong)書記(ji)關于民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)重(zhong)要(yao)論(lun)述的重(zhong)大(da)意義(yi)、豐富(fu)內涵、核心要(yao)義(yi)、精神(shen)實(shi)(shi)質、實(shi)(shi)踐要(yao)求。習近平(ping)(ping)(ping)總(zong)(zong)書記(ji)關于民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的重(zhong)要(yao)論(lun)述，系統(tong)回答了新時(shi)代新征(zheng)程(cheng)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)事(shi)業改革發展的一系列重(zhong)大(da)理論(lun)和實(shi)(shi)踐問題，為在(zai)中國式(shi)現(xian)代化(hua)進程(cheng)中推動(dong)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)事(shi)業高質量發展指(zhi)明(ming)了前進方向(xiang)、提供了根本遵循，從中既可(ke)以體(ti)會到(dao)習近平(ping)(ping)(ping)總(zong)(zong)書記(ji)深厚的民(min)(min)(min)生情懷和對(dui)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)服(fu)務(wu)對(dui)象的特(te)別牽掛，也(ye)可(ke)以領會到(dao)以人民(min)(min)(min)為中心的發展思(si)想和民(min)(min)(min)生為重(zhong)的政(zheng)策取向(xiang)在(zai)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)領域的具體(ti)化(hua)。
1.全面認識民政工作的特殊性、重要性
習近平總(zong)書記強(qiang)(qiang)調，“民(min)(min)政(zheng)工(gong)作關系民(min)(min)生、連著民(min)(min)心，是(shi)社會建(jian)設的(de)(de)兜底性(xing)、基礎性(xing)工(gong)作。各級黨委(wei)和(he)政(zheng)府要(yao)堅(jian)持以人民(min)(min)為中心，加強(qiang)(qiang)對民(min)(min)政(zheng)工(gong)作的(de)(de)領導，增強(qiang)(qiang)基層(ceng)民(min)(min)政(zheng)服(fu)務能力(li)，推動民(min)(min)政(zheng)事業持續健康發(fa)展”。這一(yi)重(zhong)要(yao)論述揭示了民(min)(min)政(zheng)工(gong)作的(de)(de)特殊性(xing)與重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)。
縱觀人類發展史(shi)，可以(yi)發現(xian)(xian)這(zhe)樣一條歷史(shi)公(gong)理(li)：民(min)(min)(min)生好(hao)壞決(jue)定著民(min)(min)(min)心向背，民(min)(min)(min)心向背決(jue)定著政(zheng)(zheng)黨（政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)集團(tuan)）命運與(yu)國運興衰。歷史(shi)典(dian)籍(ji)與(yu)現(xian)(xian)實(shi)中均(jun)可見厚(hou)民(min)(min)(min)生者受擁戴。習近(jin)(jin)平(ping)總書(shu)(shu)記(ji)強調，“民(min)(min)(min)心是(shi)最(zui)(zui)大的政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)”“民(min)(min)(min)生是(shi)最(zui)(zui)大的政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)”，這(zhe)兩(liang)個“最(zui)(zui)大的政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)”其實(shi)是(shi)相通的，只有(you)持續不斷地(di)保障民(min)(min)(min)生、改善民(min)(min)(min)生才(cai)能贏得民(min)(min)(min)心，只有(you)贏得民(min)(min)(min)心才(cai)能鞏固政(zheng)(zheng)權并(bing)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)國家長治(zhi)久安。習近(jin)(jin)平(ping)新時代中國特色社(she)會主義思(si)想的核心理(li)念(nian)和(he)價(jia)值(zhi)取(qu)向是(shi)人民(min)(min)(min)至上，它必然要求以(yi)民(min)(min)(min)生為(wei)重(zhong)，以(yi)人民(min)(min)(min)對美好(hao)生活的向往作(zuo)為(wei)奮斗目標。民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)工作(zuo)涵蓋了(le)救助(zhu)低(di)收入(ru)困難(nan)群(qun)(qun)眾、養老服務(wu)、兒(er)童福利、殘疾人事業、慈善公(gong)益以(yi)及(ji)婚(hun)姻(yin)登記(ji)、殯葬(zang)服務(wu)、社(she)會組(zu)織與(yu)基層社(she)會治(zhi)理(li)等，是(shi)與(yu)人民(min)(min)(min)群(qun)(qun)眾特別是(shi)困難(nan)群(qun)(qun)體聯系最(zui)(zui)直接、最(zui)(zui)密切、最(zui)(zui)廣泛的政(zheng)(zheng)府工作(zuo)，是(shi)習近(jin)(jin)平(ping)總書(shu)(shu)記(ji)念(nian)茲(zi)在茲(zi)的重(zhong)點領域。習近(jin)(jin)平(ping)總書(shu)(shu)記(ji)深(shen)刻指(zhi)(zhi)出：“民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)工作(zuo)關系民(min)(min)(min)生、連著民(min)(min)(min)心。”這(zhe)一定性決(jue)定了(le)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)工作(zuo)的根本立場、價(jia)值(zhi)取(qu)向和(he)重(zhong)要性，也為(wei)民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)部門圍繞改善“民(min)(min)(min)生”、贏得“民(min)(min)(min)心”開展工作(zuo)指(zhi)(zhi)明了(le)方向。
習近平總書記將民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)界定為“社會(hui)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)兜底性(xing)、基礎性(xing)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)”，明(ming)確各(ge)級民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)門(men)要(yao)“更好(hao)(hao)履行基本民生保障、基層(ceng)社會(hui)治(zhi)理、基本社會(hui)服(fu)(fu)務等職責(ze)”，強調對各(ge)類困難群眾要(yao)“格外關(guan)注(zhu)、格外關(guan)愛、格外關(guan)心”，要(yao)“促(cu)進公共(gong)資源(yuan)向基層(ceng)延伸(shen)、向農村覆蓋、向弱勢群體傾斜”。習近平總書記提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)一系列關(guan)于民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)論述，突出體現了(le)民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)在黨(dang)(dang)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家事業發展全(quan)(quan)局中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)可替代的(de)(de)(de)特殊性(xing)與(yu)重要(yao)性(xing)。如果民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)做得不(bu)好(hao)(hao)，就意味(wei)著(zhu)會(hui)突破社會(hui)公平底線、損害國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)理根(gen)(gen)基。以(yi)人(ren)(ren)口老(lao)(lao)(lao)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)化為例，根(gen)(gen)據65歲(sui)及以(yi)上占總人(ren)(ren)口之(zhi)比的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在2000年(nian)(nian)達到7%而進入老(lao)(lao)(lao)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)社會(hui)，2021年(nian)(nian)占比達到14.2%，預計(ji)“十四五”期間我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)口將進入中(zhong)(zhong)度(du)老(lao)(lao)(lao)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)化階段。如何(he)積極(ji)有(you)效地應對人(ren)(ren)口老(lao)(lao)(lao)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)化、滿足(zu)數(shu)以(yi)億計(ji)老(lao)(lao)(lao)年(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)(fu)務需求，是我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面臨的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)益嚴峻(jun)的(de)(de)(de)巨大挑戰。繼2018年(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家在民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)設(she)立養(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)服(fu)(fu)務司(si)之(zhi)后，2023年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)一輪(lun)機構改革又在民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)新(xin)設(she)立老(lao)(lao)(lao)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)司(si)，老(lao)(lao)(lao)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)司(si)將承擔全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)老(lao)(lao)(lao)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)辦公室的(de)(de)(de)具體工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，這(zhe)表明(ming)黨(dang)(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)央賦予民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)門(men)主(zhu)管全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)老(lao)(lao)(lao)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)服(fu)(fu)務的(de)(de)(de)重大職責(ze)任務，更足(zu)見(jian)民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)關(guan)乎(hu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)計(ji)民生發展全(quan)(quan)局。
民政工作(zuo)直(zhi)接關乎黨和國(guo)家(jia)事(shi)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)局，更是檢(jian)驗中(zhong)國(guo)式現代(dai)化(hua)進程與建(jian)設(she)成色的重(zhong)要(yao)指標。因此，在全(quan)面建(jian)設(she)社會(hui)主義(yi)現代(dai)化(hua)國(guo)家(jia)、扎(zha)實(shi)推動共同富裕(yu)的歷(li)史進程中(zhong)，必須(xu)全(quan)面認識(shi)新時代(dai)民政工作(zuo)的特殊性與重(zhong)要(yao)性，通過民政事(shi)業(ye)的健康持續發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)切實(shi)幫助(zhu)困難群眾排憂解難、兜住社會(hui)公平正義(yi)的底線(xian)，奠定民生保障牢靠基石(shi)，進而不(bu)斷滿足全(quan)體人民對(dui)美好生活的需要(yao)。
2.與時俱進地拓展民政工作新內涵
國家“十(shi)四五”規劃和2035年遠景(jing)目標綱要(yao)(yao)、黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)二十(shi)大(da)報告(gao)，都已(yi)明確(que)提出了(le)(le)國家現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)進程的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間表(biao)、路線(xian)圖(tu)，設(she)定了(le)(le)一(yi)系列(lie)目標任務(wu)(wu)如2035年實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)基(ji)本公共服(fu)務(wu)(wu)均等化(hua)等，客觀上要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)超越傳統格(ge)局(ju)、發揮更(geng)大(da)作(zuo)(zuo)用。這(zhe)一(yi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)已(yi)經(jing)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)習(xi)近(jin)平(ping)總(zong)書記關于民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)論述中(zhong)，也應(ying)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)門(men)新舉措與(yu)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)新成效上。例(li)如，民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)負(fu)責兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童福(fu)利(li)(li)事務(wu)(wu)，但(dan)長(chang)期(qi)只面向孤殘兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童、留守(shou)(shou)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童、困境兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童群體(ti)，這(zhe)一(yi)群體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模在(zai)持續(xu)縮小(xiao)，而規模更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)流動兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童的(de)(de)(de)(de)健康成長(chang)已(yi)提上重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)議程，未來全(quan)體(ti)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童都需(xu)要(yao)(yao)通過相(xiang)應(ying)福(fu)利(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)安排分(fen)(fen)享國家發展成果、實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)自(zi)身健康成長(chang)，特別是個性(xing)化(hua)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童服(fu)務(wu)(wu)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)日益高漲等因素，使(shi)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)童福(fu)利(li)(li)供給(gei)更(geng)具(ju)迫(po)切性(xing)。因此，新時(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)必(bi)須守(shou)(shou)住(zhu)底線(xian)，但(dan)不能只固守(shou)(shou)底線(xian)，而是要(yao)(yao)堅持以人民(min)(min)為(wei)中(zhong)心、以不斷滿足人民(min)(min)群眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)取向，確(que)保基(ji)本民(min)(min)生保障水(shui)平(ping)與(yu)經(jing)濟(ji)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)發展相(xiang)協調，通過拓(tuo)展服(fu)務(wu)(wu)領域、提升(sheng)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)水(shui)平(ping)，達到(dao)(dao)習(xi)近(jin)平(ping)總(zong)書記明確(que)提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)全(quan)面建設(she)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)國家作(zuo)(zuo)出新的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)更(geng)高要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，進而實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)從(cong)傳統民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)到(dao)(dao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、從(cong)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)面向困難群體(ti)到(dao)(dao)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)全(quan)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)華。
具體(ti)(ti)而言，民政(zheng)工作(zuo)需要(yao)與(yu)時俱進(jin)地拓展(zhan)(zhan)新內(nei)涵。在民政(zheng)工作(zuo)對(dui)象上(shang)(shang)，社會(hui)(hui)(hui)救(jiu)助要(yao)從(cong)(cong)面(mian)向低保(bao)(bao)戶與(yu)特困(kun)戶向低收入(ru)家(jia)庭擴展(zhan)(zhan)，在切實(shi)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)低收入(ru)困(kun)難群眾(zhong)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下(xia)(xia)，不(bu)斷(duan)縮小城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)居民收入(ru)差(cha)距(ju)與(yu)消(xiao)費(fei)差(cha)距(ju)；養(yang)老(lao)(lao)服(fu)務要(yao)從(cong)(cong)特困(kun)老(lao)(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)向全(quan)體(ti)(ti)老(lao)(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)擴展(zhan)(zhan)，盡快建(jian)立健(jian)全(quan)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)服(fu)務制度，讓普惠性養(yang)老(lao)(lao)服(fu)務成(cheng)為(wei)積極應(ying)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口老(lao)(lao)齡化和保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)老(lao)(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠(kao)制度安排，同時將對(dui)老(lao)(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務由老(lao)(lao)有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)養(yang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到老(lao)(lao)有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)醫(yi)、老(lao)(lao)有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)為(wei)、老(lao)(lao)有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)學(xue)、老(lao)(lao)有(you)(you)(you)所(suo)樂。兒(er)童(tong)福利要(yao)從(cong)(cong)困(kun)境兒(er)童(tong)向全(quan)體(ti)(ti)兒(er)童(tong)擴展(zhan)(zhan)，真正以(yi)(yi)促進(jin)全(quan)體(ti)(ti)兒(er)童(tong)身(shen)心健(jian)康為(wei)目標(biao)，做到不(bu)斷(duan)增進(jin)兒(er)童(tong)福祉，降低生(sheng)育(yu)(yu)養(yang)育(yu)(yu)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)“三育(yu)(yu)”成(cheng)本(ben)，為(wei)實(shi)現(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口均衡發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)創造條件。在保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)內(nei)容上(shang)(shang)，要(yao)從(cong)(cong)物質保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)擴展(zhan)(zhan)到兼顧精神保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，從(cong)(cong)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)提升(sheng)(sheng)到維護人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)法權(quan)益(yi)(yi)與(yu)尊(zun)嚴，為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)居民實(shi)現(xian)物質生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)與(yu)精神生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)都富(fu)裕奠定堅實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎。在資(zi)源(yuan)配(pei)置上(shang)(shang)，要(yao)從(cong)(cong)依靠(kao)政(zheng)府公(gong)共(gong)(gong)資(zi)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到主(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)開拓社會(hui)(hui)(hui)資(zi)源(yuan)、撬動(dong)市(shi)(shi)場資(zi)源(yuan)，大力發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)慈(ci)善公(gong)益(yi)(yi)事業，借助市(shi)(shi)場力量增加(jia)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)育(yu)(yu)幼(you)及其他社會(hui)(hui)(hui)服(fu)務供給。在治(zhi)理方式上(shang)(shang)，要(yao)從(cong)(cong)政(zheng)策性文(wen)件主(zhu)(zhu)導步入(ru)法治(zhi)化軌道(dao)，從(cong)(cong)政(zheng)府管理向政(zheng)府主(zhu)(zhu)導下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多方共(gong)(gong)商共(gong)(gong)建(jian)共(gong)(gong)治(zhi)共(gong)(gong)享轉化，讓人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民群眾(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)清晰穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)預期，并有(you)(you)(you)暢通的(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑參與(yu)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)治(zhi)理。最后，在切實(shi)維護底線(xian)公(gong)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)，以(yi)(yi)持續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)救(jiu)助、社會(hui)(hui)(hui)福利與(yu)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)服(fu)務筑牢共(gong)(gong)享成(cheng)果、共(gong)(gong)同富(fu)裕的(de)(de)(de)(de)根基(ji)(ji)，以(yi)(yi)各類社會(hui)(hui)(hui)力量有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)參與(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)層治(zhi)理夯實(shi)國家(jia)治(zhi)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)根基(ji)(ji)，以(yi)(yi)更大更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)為(wei)實(shi)現(xian)民政(zheng)工作(zuo)整體(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)華。
3.以精準政策開創民政事業高質量發展新局面
“高質(zhi)量(liang)發展(zhan)是(shi)(shi)全面(mian)(mian)(mian)建設社會(hui)(hui)(hui)主義現代化(hua)(hua)國家的(de)首要(yao)(yao)任(ren)務(wu)”，這是(shi)(shi)習近(jin)平(ping)(ping)總書記(ji)在黨的(de)二十大報告中提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)論(lun)斷。對(dui)民(min)政工作的(de)高質(zhi)量(liang)發展(zhan)，習近(jin)平(ping)(ping)總書記(ji)提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)了一系列明確要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。例如，在社會(hui)(hui)(hui)救(jiu)(jiu)助方面(mian)(mian)(mian)，習近(jin)平(ping)(ping)總書記(ji)明確提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)，“要(yao)(yao)從實(shi)際(ji)出(chu)發，集中力量(liang)做好(hao)普惠性、基(ji)(ji)礎性、兜底(di)性民(min)生建設”“要(yao)(yao)健全防止返(fan)貧動(dong)(dong)態監測和(he)幫扶機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)”“完(wan)(wan)善(shan)兜底(di)救(jiu)(jiu)助體系，加(jia)快縮小(xiao)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)救(jiu)(jiu)助的(de)城鄉(xiang)標準(zhun)(zhun)差異，逐步提(ti)(ti)(ti)高城鄉(xiang)最低(di)生活(huo)保(bao)障水平(ping)(ping)，兜住基(ji)(ji)本生活(huo)底(di)線”“要(yao)(yao)針對(dui)特困(kun)人員的(de)特點和(he)需求(qiu)精準(zhun)(zhun)施策，按時足額(e)發放各類救(jiu)(jiu)助金”“健全社會(hui)(hui)(hui)救(jiu)(jiu)助、社會(hui)(hui)(hui)福利對(dui)象精準(zhun)(zhun)認定機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，實(shi)現應(ying)保(bao)盡保(bao)、應(ying)助盡助、應(ying)享盡享”。在發展(zhan)養(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)服務(wu)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)，習近(jin)平(ping)(ping)總書記(ji)強調，“要(yao)(yao)推動(dong)(dong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)事(shi)(shi)業(ye)和(he)養(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)產業(ye)協同發展(zhan)”“完(wan)(wan)善(shan)社區居(ju)家養(yang)(yang)(yang)老(lao)服務(wu)網(wang)絡”“特別要(yao)(yao)強化(hua)(hua)對(dui)特困(kun)、低(di)保(bao)、高齡、失能老(lao)年人的(de)兜底(di)保(bao)障”。在兒(er)童(tong)保(bao)障方面(mian)(mian)(mian)，習近(jin)平(ping)(ping)總書記(ji)明確要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，要(yao)(yao)“為(wei)少年兒(er)童(tong)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供良好(hao)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)環境”“完(wan)(wan)善(shan)幫扶殘疾人、孤兒(er)等社會(hui)(hui)(hui)福利制(zhi)(zhi)度”。在慈(ci)善(shan)事(shi)(shi)業(ye)發展(zhan)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)，習近(jin)平(ping)(ping)總書記(ji)強調，“創新我國慈(ci)善(shan)事(shi)(shi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度”“要(yao)(yao)加(jia)強公益慈(ci)善(shan)事(shi)(shi)業(ye)規范管(guan)(guan)理(li)”。在社會(hui)(hui)(hui)治理(li)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)，習近(jin)平(ping)(ping)總書記(ji)明確要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，“要(yao)(yao)推動(dong)(dong)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)治理(li)重(zhong)心(xin)向基(ji)(ji)層下移(yi)，把更多資源、服務(wu)、管(guan)(guan)理(li)放到社區，更好(hao)為(wei)社區居(ju)民(min)提(ti)(ti)(ti)供精準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)、精細化(hua)(hua)服務(wu)”，等等。習近(jin)平(ping)(ping)總書記(ji)的(de)這些(xie)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，都是(shi)(shi)推動(dong)(dong)民(min)政事(shi)(shi)業(ye)高質(zhi)量(liang)發展(zhan)的(de)行動(dong)(dong)指南。
全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)貫(guan)徹落實(shi)習(xi)近平總書記關于(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)論述精神，推動民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，關鍵是(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提升(sheng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精準(zhun)度。在(zai)這方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，一要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)高(gao)度重(zhong)視調(diao)研(yan)(yan)。民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)直接服(fu)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)群眾(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)了解人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)群眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)特(te)別是(shi)困難群眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)急難愁盼，不(bu)(bu)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)制(zhi)定(ding)出(chu)(chu)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，只(zhi)有(you)深(shen)入調(diao)研(yan)(yan)，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)了解人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)群眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)訴(su)求(qiu)和(he)滿足(zu)(zu)其(qi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀真(zhen)實(shi)情(qing)況，這是(shi)提升(sheng)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策精準(zhun)度和(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)效(xiao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提條件。二(er)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)優(you)化供給。當前(qian)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)及相(xiang)關領域服(fu)務(wu)保障供求(qiu)脫節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象并(bing)不(bu)(bu)罕見(jian)。例如(ru)(ru)，在(zai)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)老(lao)齡化加速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)形(xing)下，我國(guo)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)服(fu)務(wu)機構床位總量(liang)不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)卻出(chu)(chu)現空(kong)置率(lv)近50%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象，絕大多數(shu)失(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)老(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)與高(gao)齡空(kong)巢老(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)居家，大量(liang)低齡健康(kang)老(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)卻在(zai)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)機構養(yang)(yang)老(lao)，國(guo)家對居家養(yang)(yang)老(lao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持(chi)力(li)度有(you)待(dai)加大。兒(er)(er)童福利事(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)適應兒(er)(er)童流動規律(lv)，相(xiang)關設施出(chu)(chu)現了新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城鄉失(shi)(shi)衡(heng)現象；“十(shi)四五”期間設定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每千人(ren)(ren)口(kou)4.5個托(tuo)位數(shu)，與生育率(lv)下降脫節；有(you)利于(yu)(yu)兒(er)(er)童心身健康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)輔(fu)導、精神撫慰(wei)、自強訓練體(ti)系還(huan)很欠(qian)缺，等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。因此(ci)，應在(zai)強化調(diao)研(yan)(yan)、摸清(qing)情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，優(you)化調(diao)整基(ji)本社會(hui)(hui)服(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供給結構，確保以有(you)效(xiao)供給滿足(zu)(zu)真(zhen)正有(you)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)避免(mian)資源浪費。三要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)施策。從習(xi)近平總書記對民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)提出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“更(geng)好(hao)履行基(ji)本民(min)(min)(min)(min)生保障、基(ji)層(ceng)社會(hui)(hui)治理(li)、基(ji)本社會(hui)(hui)服(fu)務(wu)等(deng)(deng)職責”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，可以看出(chu)(chu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜性，唯有(you)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)施策才能(neng)(neng)(neng)精準(zhun)有(you)效(xiao)。例如(ru)(ru)，社會(hui)(hui)救(jiu)(jiu)助(zhu)對象陷入生活困境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)因與擺脫困境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，救(jiu)(jiu)助(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策也需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)所不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，加快構建(jian)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)救(jiu)(jiu)助(zhu)體(ti)系具有(you)必(bi)(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性。在(zai)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)服(fu)務(wu)對象方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)收入水平、不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)職業(ye)(ye)與文化背景、不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)身體(ti)狀(zhuang)況以及地域之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異性，同(tong)(tong)樣決定(ding)了需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)養(yang)(yang)老(lao)服(fu)務(wu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策中(zhong)提升(sheng)精準(zhun)度。在(zai)社會(hui)(hui)組織方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，社會(hui)(hui)團體(ti)、基(ji)金(jin)會(hui)(hui)、社會(hui)(hui)服(fu)務(wu)機構是(shi)三種使命不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)、運行方(fang)式也不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)組織形(xing)態，一概而(er)論不(bu)(bu)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)促使其(qi)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)更(geng)好(hao)，特(te)別需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)治理(li)。慈(ci)(ci)善(shan)事(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)具有(you)廣闊(kuo)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)空(kong)間，但傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親友相(xiang)濟、鄰里(li)互助(zhu)難以為繼，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)真(zhen)正促使其(qi)得到大發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，還(huan)必(bi)(bi)須探索(suo)出(chu)(chu)一條具有(you)中(zhong)國(guo)特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)路，比如(ru)(ru)社區(qu)慈(ci)(ci)善(shan)就可以成為一個重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)突破口(kou)。如(ru)(ru)果能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠對各類(lei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)梳理(li)、加快完(wan)善(shan)，必(bi)(bi)定(ding)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠開創民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)新(xin)(xin)局面(mian)(mian)(mian)。
需(xu)要指出(chu)的(de)是，民(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)工作(zuo)千頭萬緒，還(huan)需(xu)要相關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門高(gao)效協同。如社(she)會救助雖然(ran)是以民(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)(bu)門為主(zhu)(zhu)，但醫療(liao)救助、教育救助、住房(fang)救助、就業(ye)救助、災害救助卻分布(bu)在其(qi)他(ta)多個部(bu)(bu)門，如果不能(neng)協調一致，其(qi)工作(zuo)效能(neng)必(bi)受影響。慈善事業(ye)由民(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)(bu)門主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)，但它離不開有(you)力的(de)財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)稅收政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策支持，其(qi)助力社(she)會建(jian)設更是涉及(ji)各個公(gong)(gong)共領域，沒有(you)相關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門配合聯動，同樣(yang)會發展(zhan)(zhan)乏力、作(zuo)用(yong)有(you)限。還(huan)有(you)養老(lao)服(fu)務(wu)包括(kuo)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)性的(de)養老(lao)服(fu)務(wu)事業(ye)和營利性的(de)養老(lao)服(fu)務(wu)產業(ye)，同樣(yang)需(xu)要相應的(de)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策與市場(chang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策配套，等等。因此，在中國式現(xian)代化建(jian)設和扎實推動共同富裕的(de)歷史進程中，民(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)事業(ye)的(de)健(jian)康(kang)持續發展(zhan)(zhan)還(huan)需(xu)要部(bu)(bu)門之間(jian)高(gao)效協同、相關(guan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策系統(tong)集成(cheng)。
（作者：鄭功成，系中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人民大學(xue)教(jiao)授(shou)、北京市習近平新時代中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色社會主義(yi)思想研究中(zhong)心(xin)特約研究員(yuan)）
